Review of Scientific Instruments 68(1), 250 (1997).
A simple, inexpensive, optically isolated current-to-voltage converter circuit has been developed for the measurement of bipolar currents in the range of 10 pA to 1 %A on the biased elements of an electron optics system at voltages up to 3.5 kV. The design takes advantage of low-leakage, low-power CMOS operational amplifiers as well as linear optocouplers to create a low-noise battery-powered front end with an expected battery life of 3 years using a single 9 V lithium battery.
Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology
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